In the presence of perforin-competent NK cells, antigen-specific GC B cells acquire fewer mutations, including less frequent generation of non-synonymous substitutions and mutations associated with increased antibody affinity. This inhibition is perforin dependent, suggesting that NK cells kill one or more cells critical for GC development. NK cells restrict follicular helper T cell (T FH) and GC B cell frequencies and titers of antigen-specific immunoglobulin after administration of alum-adjuvanted hapten-protein conjugate vaccines. We expose natural killer (NK) cells as robust negative regulators of somatic hypermutation in antigen-reactive B cells. Electronic address: hypermutation of immunoglobulin sequences in germinal center (GC) reactions must be optimized to elicit high-affinity, protective antibodies after vaccination. 7 Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Immunology Graduate Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.6 Immunology Graduate Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.5 Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.4 Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.3 Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.2 Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.1 Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Immunology Graduate Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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SheepShaver Emulator: I just upgraded my MacBook Pro to Sierra and SheepShaver boots to OS9 just fine but as soon as I click in the window it crashes. The WPMacApp runs under macOS 10.12 Sierra, 10.13 High Sierra, 10.14 Mojave, 10.15 Catalina, 11.0 Big Sur, 12.0 Monterey, and 13.0 Ventura. The beginning text is all related to Beagle Brothers SuperFonts in AppleWorks.īelow is a conversation on the FaceBook forum after an issue with it when I upgraded to Sierra on my MacBook Pro. The system uses the SheepShaver emulator software to run the 'classic' Mac OS, and runs WordPerfect inside a copy of the 'classic' Mac OS. The first paragraph tells you how I did it. The picture below is CalrisWorks 4 with the text I imported from a text file I saved from AppleWorks on my Virtual IIe Emulator. SheepShaver System 7.1.2 Mac OS 9.0.4 PearPC Mac OS X 10.1 10.4 Qemu Mac OS 9.0.4 9.2.2 Mac OS X 10.0 10.5Rhapsody 5.6Mac OS X Server 1. This blog has this great write up on how to modify defaults. In this video, I show you how to use the SheepShaver emulator to install classic Mac OS 8 or Mac OS 9 on your modern macOS computer. SheepShaver is a MacOS run-time environment for BeOS and Linux that allows you to run classic MacOS applications inside the BeOS/Linux multitasking. By doing so, you will be creating the macos9.dmg file for storing the Mac OS 9 System Folder and Applications. The Macintosh Version of SheepShaver (Version 2.5) works on Mac OS X 10.9 through Mac OS 11.2. MacUpdate stores previous versions of SheepShaver for you since v. If you experience any compatibility issues with SheepShaver for Mac, consider downloading one of the older versions of SheepShaver. If the macos9.dmg file is not in your SheepShaver folder, click the Create button in the Setup tab. Download Old Versions of SheepShaver: 2.5 - 2.4. For M1 Mac users, launch the SheepShaver app. The 1st link has various versions up through Feb 2019 and Mojave. You will be greeted with the SheepShaver Settings dialog box. I’ve posted some screen snaps below to illustrate some Setup pieces. First of all the SheepShaver folder and secondly a new world rom. The rom and all the hard drives on the screen are included. This COI ChubbyBunny version is complete, ready to run. I recently installed 9.04 in SheepShaver running on macOS 10.13.6 High Sierra and was unable to get the Audio working until I did the steps below. SheepShaver – The following link is to a fully operational preconfigured OS9 version that runs on Intel Macs. Sure, you could quick load back in time and try again, but the most satisfying fights are chaotic. You panic, and scan the environment for a way out of it. When you toss a stick of dynamite and it inevitably hits an object right in front of you and lands at your feet, the scramble begins. The world repeatedly reminds you that you're insignificant.Ĭombat encounters are broken into chunks, and each area is filled with oil barrels, explosive lamps, pools to electrify, and tall grass to hide in or set on fire. The only way to earn these is by searching through chests and dressers and stepping down hidden paths-another way Weird West lures you into its gears. Skills that allow you to unload a full clip in one powerful shot or leap into slow-motion to dodge a swipe are vital. And when the caves coughed up monsters, the sturdy crates I was hiding behind couldn't save me. Stealth is an option too, but the density of enemy patrols made it hard for me to stay undetected, often leading to frantic firefights anyway. I was forced to take cover, roll, and carefully aim, but every bullet felt like a dice roll. Enemies carrying shotguns blasted my health away in a few shots. The first character, a bounty hunter in search of her husband, is equipped with a series of lethal and silent skills but is incredibly weak. Weird West is about making plans that inevitably tumble out of control. Instead of minimizing your combat encounters like a Deathloop speedrun, you fail and improvise as in a speedrun gone wrong. It's a character-driven RPG where you solve problems and mysteries, primarily with a gun. It doesn’t take long before you start to see where Weird West is coming from. The five hours I spent with Weird West wasn't enough time to guess at where the story goes, but I was able to get a grip on my role in the game. The level of historic transformation here doesn't resemble Friends at the Table's Sangfielle (opens in new tab), which disassembles the bones of the Old West into something monstrous and unknowable. It's also the first game I've played set in this time period that features a number of Black and Asian characters, although it's unclear to me at this point if Weird West plans to grapple with America's westward expansion from those perspectives or the native perspective, which are often erased in western fiction, or if the supernatural will take center stage. Nods to the nature of Weird West's world (hint: it's weird) and not only my character's place in it, but my place as the player, upended a lot of my assumptions about how it'd frame a well-trodden sort of fiction. A recurring character who takes the form of a young, dead girl referred to my character as "the passenger" almost as if that name was for me, the player. Not everyone I bumped into had a story to tell or a quest to give. His portraits are raw like Disco Elysium's cast, but not quite as surreal. I didn't remember their names, but I remembered their faces thanks to Cedric Peyravernay’s art, which previously defined the gloomy Dishonored series. As I led my veteran bounty hunter through Weird West's tangled world, I spent a lot of time speaking with the people, something that happens rarely in Deathloop. Weird West yanks the camera back from the first-person view established by Ultima Underworld and System Shock to a bird's eye view, turning the characters into board game pieces. With this android app, you can subscribe to your favorite channel, create your playlist, and download it directly to your device. The best part of using TubeMate is that you can download several files at the same time.Īnother user-friendly app, YouTube Downloader has an established reputation among the people who download videos from YouTube frequently and have been searching for an apt platform. The app also comes with a built-in video player that will play the videos that you’ve recently downloaded. No matter what the video format is, this app will smoothly download any video without any hassle. Regarded as one of the notable android apps to download videos from YouTube, TubeMate helps you download HD videos directly from YouTube, along with high downloading speed. Some of the best android apps to download videos from YouTube are listed below: TubeMate These apps are quite handy and user-friendly and with them, your favorite YouTube videos remain just a hit away. Nevertheless, if you wish to download any such video on your Smartphone, you’d be glad to know that you can always opt for an android app to download videos from YouTube. These download platforms turn out to be an efficient way of gaining you access to your favorite videos, anytime by simply making the videos available on your PC. Nowadays, you can easily download YouTube videos on your PC via platforms like YouTube Downloader or YouTube Red. However, there may be times when you feel like re-watching a particular music video or a tutorial on YouTube but may give it a second thought as it will again consume the data and will leave you with a bill that could have been managed wisely. This widely acclaimed platform offers it’s users and viewers a friendly interface and a large database of videos in different languages, which makes it all the way more popular and accessible. The Standard Oil building will be converted into 40 studio and one-bedroom apartments. The historic, 6-story Standard Oil building sits on the northeast corner, while the rest of the lot is currently used as a surface parking lot. The site is bordered by Howard, 18th and 19th streets as well as St. The mixed-use development planned for the Flatiron District downtown has a name: “Bauhaus.” The project recently received final plat approval, so construction can begin soon. It has also invested more than $250 million in Nebraska over the past decade, including infrastructure and compensation to employees, which have also contributed an additional $200 million in GDP to the Nebraska economy thus far. “Amazon continues to invest and grow in Nebraska and we look forward to keep delivering what our customers want: great selection, low prices, and fast shipping speeds.”Īmazon has created more than 500 jobs with 1,000 indirect jobs supported on top of the company’s direct hires since 2010. “Customers throughout Nebraska, western Iowa, and the surrounding region have shown an increased demand in orders and we are excited to expand Amazon Air to provide greater capacity for shipping packages,” said Chris Preston, Director of Amazon Air Gateway Operations. “Amazon’s new presence at Eppley will provide enhanced cargo activity at the airport and support deliveries throughout Omaha and the surrounding areas.” “We are pleased to welcome Amazon Air to Eppley Airfield with this exciting new cargo service for the Omaha metro area and Nebraska,” said Dave Roth, CEO, Omaha Airport Authority. Amazon Air’s newest regional gateway will be operated by GAT Airline Ground Support. Silver Airways will operate daily flights for Amazon Air between Omaha and Fort Worth Alliance Airport (AFW) in Fort Worth, Texas using an ATR72-500 aircraft. This is Amazon Air’s first regional gateway in Nebraska to support fast, efficient package deliveries to Amazon customers throughout the region and country. Today, Amazon Air launched daily cargo service at Omaha’s Eppley Airport with an inaugural flight arriving shortly after 2:40 a.m. When going out to dinner with friends or family, you’ve probably asked the age-old question: “Where should we go?” Well, Omaha Food Lovers has created a new app that will helps you answer that question. Hy-Vee has already opened a Fast & Fresh convenience store on that site. Hy-Vee is expected to begin construction later this year on its 12th metro area location at 192nd & Highway 370. The closest existing locations are in Kansas City and Minneapolis. New York-based Warby Parker has 160 stores and sells stylish glasses and sunglasses. Warby Parker is coming soon to Village Pointe shopping center near 168th & West Dodge Road. The breakfast-and-lunch restaurant is located southwest of 168th & Q Street. Over Easy has re-opened after being closed for about a month because of water damage. The Council Bluffs Area Chamber of Commerce will hold a ribbon cutting tomorrow afternoon for Slice Pizzeria inside Harrah’s Casino. The pharmacy is currently located behind – just to the south – of the old J. Coco restaurant, which closed recently at 5203 Leavenworth Street, will become Elmwood Pharmacy. The closest existing locations are in Chicago and Oklahoma City. Texas de Brazil is a Dallas-based chain with 50 locations. The restaurant is going into the recently completed 3-story building fronting Capitol Avenue. Brazilian Steakhouse Downtown – Interior build-out has started in the Capitol District the future Texas de Brazil churrascaria. We love that the game will prove challenging even for teens since strategies can range from simple to complex.īuy it: Prime Climb at Amazon 14. This game has won numerous awards and has been included on several best-of lists. We think kids will love this game, but don’t just take our word for it: There are over 5,000 five-star reviews on Amazon!īuy it: Sum Swamp at Amazon 13. Players must race through the swamp while completing math challenges and meeting swamp creatures along the way. Toddlers will love using the pegs to work on counting and number recognition while slightly older kids can use the boards for beginning math.īuy it: Counting Pegs at Amazon 12. Made of nontoxic, solid wood, this Montessori-style game will stand the test of time. Think Scrabble but with numbers instead of letters! Players take turns making crossword-style equations and then adding up their totals based on their tiles played.īuy it: Smath at Amazon 11. This game is especially versatile since there are a whopping 16 different games included in one small box!īuy it: Tiny Polka Dot at Amazon 10. Tiny Polka Dotĭeal all the cards face up, then take turns matching pairs from different suits with the same numbers. Math board games that have eye-popping colors and fun illustrations like this one will be sure to keep kids’ attention.īuy it: Jump 1 at Amazon 9. With two levels of difficulty, this game will be perfect for preschoolers while also keeping elementary-age students entertained. Just split the deck, play your cards, and the larger fraction collects. The best math board games have straightforward instructions that make them easy to learn and fast to play. Since working in math workbooks can get stale fast, this game provides a fun alternative that allows kids to learn while having lots of fun too.īuy it: Adsumudi at Amazon 7. This game is best suited for students ages 8 to 12 and includes star rankings on each card to indicate difficulty level. Players roll the dice, place blockers in those corresponding coordinates, then race to complete the rest of the puzzle.īuy it: The Genius Square at Amazon 6. Perhaps more of a puzzle than a math game, though we think the same skill set is definitely required. We also love that it can be played by older kids since it can include multiplication, division, and even square roots.īuy it: Proof! at Amazon 5. We love how versatile this game is since the rules can be adjusted based on age, skill level, and number of players. This game is probably best suited for first through third grades since students will need to have a good handle on basic addition before playing.īuy it: Clumsy Thief: The Crazy, Fast-Paced Money Game at Amazon 4. In this multi-award-winning game, students race to see how quickly they can find two money cards that equal $100 while also stealing from their friends. The Even Stevens Twins and Captain Odd Duck help early elementary–age students work on basic addition and subtraction skills while also teaching greater-than/less-than, as well as even and odd numbers.īuy it: Sums in Space at Amazon 3. Since a lot of kids love outer space, we think this game will hold their attention. Little friends will love getting their hands on one of the four bright-colored “swatters” and whacking the flies.īuy it: Math Swatters! at Amazon 2. We love how versatile this game is since there are a number of different ways to play including head-to-head or solo. Whether your students are swatting flies, traveling through space, or making their way through a swamp, they will be practicing math concepts along the way with these great math board games! 1. There are options for toddlers up to teens, and some games can even be customized to the players’ ages and ability levels. They may not even realize they’re learning since they’ll be having such a good time playing. Math board games are a fun way for kids to practice their math skills. Luckily, there are plenty of opportunities to put aside the worksheets and make it more exciting. Let’s face it, there are always going to be some students who complain that math is boring. Likewise, the forecasts of inventory at cost, at the end of each month, will be calculated by multiplying the average daily cost of sales in the next month by the number of Days of Inventory. If you expect inflation-driven changes in purchase prices to happen over time, enter respective parameters into the Cost Increase fields in your financial model for grocery stores. Leave it blank if you do not expect any pricing seasonality:Īs a matter of fact, if you expect selling prices to increase over time (for example, due to inflation), enter the respective increase rate along with its frequency into the Price Increase fields.īesides, the projections of sales revenue and cost of sales will be calculated automatically. Similarly, the Seasonal Discounts table allows you to account for seasonal fluctuations of prices separately from fluctuating physical quantities. If you do not expect changes in sales over a year, you can leave this blank. The Seasonal Sales Trend table allows you to enter, for each category, and each month of a year, percentages of average sales (in physical units). To account for seasonal changes, use the Seasonal Sales Trend and Seasonal Discounts tables. For each category, enter the projected Average Daily Revenue. In the Sales & Inventory section, select respective goods categories in the Sales Forecast table. REVENUE & COST MODEL INPUTS OF GROCERY STORE FINANCIAL MODEL 1. The Dashboard also contains a navigation pane allowing you to access any part of the template. But, if you do not expect your sales to change from year to year, you can leave this table blank. Finally, Shrinkage & Theft percentage shows how much of your inventory is going to be lost rather than sold.Ī table of sales trends allows you to set long-term trends in order to account for overall sales over the years.Days of Inventory is a number of days showing how fast each category of goods can be sold, in other words how many days of sales your inventory is going to cover.Credit Period is the number of days showing how long it is going to take on average to pay for purchased goods.Markup percentage shows how much you are going to add to the hard cost of goods in order to get regular selling price before discounts.Assumptions here have the following meanings: You have to enter a list of categories and related assumptions. Finally, enter Income Tax Rate that will affect net profit after taxation.The Discount Rate will be applied to the calculation of Net Present Value (NPV) of the project.Also, enter a code of the currency in which all monetary amounts will be displayed in.Afterward, enter the Start Date of the project.You can set if 2 to 10 years, just pick a relevant value from the drop-down list Set a length of the Projection Period.Model Configuration in Grocery Store Financial Model Template Lastly, a table of long-term sales trends.Secondly, a table of goods’ categories.In general, the Dashboard section contains settings and assumptions for your workbook: You also have to understand clearly how much of your own money you will be able to put into the business, along with the loans available to cover any deficit of capital. It also takes into account the effect of taxation. This Excel template allows you to calculate widely used investment metrics such as payback period, discounted payback period, Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Return Rate (IRR). Grocery Store Financial Model Excel Template Features: So, let us have a look at the Grocery Store Financial Model tool. Besides, you can use this grocery store financial model to produce nicely and professionally looking pro forma statements and charts to present to lenders or co-investors. Moreover, it is quite simple and intuitively understandable, even for newcomers.
Within ContactMonkey’s internal communications tool, click “Design HTML”. When you use ContactMonkey in Outlook, your emails will look exactly how you designed them because you’re designing in Outlook. It allows your team to create, send, and track emails while measuring their performance. If you’d like an easier way to build employee newsletter templates, particularly employee newsletters or create stunning email templates for Outlook, check out ContactMonkey’s email template builder.ĬontactMonkey is an internal communications solution that works with your existing Outlook account. The tips above are most useful if you’re learning how to code HTML emails for Outlook. Use ContactMonkey’s drag-and-drop email template builder If you’d like to avoid using tables all together then we recommend you pay careful attention to the next point. To ensure these two columns appear side by side in Outlook, it’s best to use tables:Įmbracing tables for layouts might seem antiquated but it’s the most reliable way to get predictable email rendering in Outlook. While most web browsers could display this HTML in two columns, Outlook would display each column div as its own row. This lack of CSS support makes it hard to use semantic HTML to build email layouts that display properly in Outlook. Most Outlook versions don’t support the box model or things like flexbox, CSS Grid, and floats. Using tables for layouts isn’t a good practice in the web world, but it’s still good practice in the email world… especially for supporting Outlook. Stick to tables when creating Outlook HTML email templates Including these resets will ensure Outlook does not add any unwanted styles to your email designs. */Ī CSS reset in the email’s is a good start, but adding a few more reset styles inline in the email body’s markup will ensure consistent rendering in Outlook.Īdding a few reset styles in the tag will ensure consistent spacing and text line-height in Outlook.Īdding inline attributes to all table tags will remove Outlook’s default spacing and borders on each individual table: Styles for underlined links should be inline. * Prevent Windows 10 Mail from underlining links. * Use a better rendering method when resizing images in Outlook IE. * Stop Outlook from adding extra spacing to tables. CSS reset code should be added in a few places.Īdding a few CSS properties in the email ’s tag will reset most of Outlook’s unwanted default styles. Just like when developing for the web, it’s a good idea to provide a reset CSS for emails to help normalize how code gets rendered and prevent any unwanted styling in email clients. Include CSS resets for Outlook rendering issues Avoid errors sending responsive HTML emails and save time and effort on your internal communications easily with ContactMonkey.īut back to the HTML issues… 1. If you’re here trying to fix common HTML problems within Outlook, we highly recommend trying ContactMonkey for your internal newsletters. Having a knowledge of HTML will help, but not every Outlook user has time to learn a brand new (coding) language. Sending HTML email in Outlook isn’t for the faint of heart. Book My Free Demo 6 Tips to Eliminate Outlook Rendering Issues & Create HTML Email Newsletters in Outlook Later you’ll be able to get into the details. Include only a summary of the most crucial information in this section. The opening statement is where you briefly state the purpose of your memo. This section can be between one and three sentences. Since you addressed the recipients in the heading, there’s no need to include a greeting. You can view how to format this section below. The heading lists who is receiving the memo, who is sending the memo, the date the memo was written, and the subject of the memo. Keep it brief, direct, and clear and include only necessary information. You should not use emoji in business memos. Stay focused on the facts and actionable plans. Memos should always be professional and polite-regardless of the topic you’re introducing. If your memo is more than one page, you should have a summary to wrap up your points. You also have the option to include attachments to support the message you are conveying in your memo. Traditionally memos use twelve-point font for the body and fourteen- to sixteen-point font for the headings. This retains the style you’ve applied to the document. If you are sending a memo via email, it should be formatted as a PDF. The following purposes are suitable for a memo: The aim of your memo should be to inform, bring attention to a problem, or answer a question. You should write a memorandum when you need to relay official business items efficiently. Memos disperse necessary information using a simple, easy-to-follow format. They are often sent to an entire organization but are also useful for informing a single department, team, or smaller group of people. Memos are designed for official internal communications of a business or organization. Although the widespread use of email essentially replaced memos in many circumstances, memos are still helpful for some important messages. You may send a memo as a paper letter, fax, or PDF attached to an email. It informs recipients and provides an action plan with specific next steps. A memo should be brief, straightforward, and easy to read. Discuss only what the reader needs to know, but include information about where to obtain additional information if necessary.Grammarly helps you communicate confidently Write with Grammarly What is a memo?Ī memo, short for memorandum, is a way to inform a group of people about a specific problem, solution, or event. This will increase the likelihood of getting your point across, because most people will read a short, concise memo right away. While you don’t want to omit any information that the reader needs, it’s also important to keep explanations short and simple. The text of the memo should be relatively short one page is a good rule of thumb. Why do the recipients need to take the action? What are the benefits? How will it affect them? Is there any accompanying documentation (reports, forms, charts) that the recipients need? (These can be included as attachments to the memo.) Is there any information (contact names, numbers, URLs) they need to have in order take this action? Is there an action that the recipients need to take? If so, exactly what do they need to do? How do they take this action? Is there a change that will be occurring? If so, what is the change and when will it occur? What are the most important facts that the recipients need to have? Why do the recipients need this information? What is the purpose of the memo? What will it tell its recipient(s)? When preparing to write a memo, ask yourself the following questions: Your aim in writing a memo is the same as with other professional correspondence: You want to quickly and effectively communicate your purpose to your reader. Memos often share new information, like changes to schedules or benefits, or they may encourage the reader to take an action, such as attend a meeting or use less paper. Memos frequently address a small or large group of people, but some of the memos you write may be intended for one person. They allow members or departments within an organization to communicate and relay information. While business letters allow members of an organization communicate with people outside the organization, memos usually contain information that affects those within a particular organization. A memorandum or memo helps members of an organization communicate and share information that is relevant to people within the organization. ^ Nowakowski, Tomasz (12 August 2017).Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. ^ "Moon Express Announces Lunar South Pole Mission Technology Development Contract with International Lunar Observatory Association" (Press release)."Moon Express unveils its roadmap for giant leaps to the lunar surface. "A Lunar Laser Ranging Retroreflector Array for the 21st Century". ^ a b Currie, Douglas Dell'Agnello, Simone Delle Monache, Giovanni (April–May 2011).Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. "UMD, Italy & MoonEx Join to Put New Laser-Reflecting Arrays on Moon". The team claims to have developed a new approach and technology that would improve the ranging accuracy up to a factor of 100 (thus at a millimeter level) by using new technology and methods to correct for libration and the thermal behavior and the optical performance. This experiment will complement and advance the retroreflector experiments begun with Apollo 11 in 1969. The landing site is Reiner Gamma, a lunar swirl on the western edge of the Moon, as seen from Earth. Nova-C, the lander on which MPAc will be integrated, is designed by Intuitive Machines and the launch expected date is in early 2024. In 2019 ESA chose MPAc among 135 eligible scientific project proposals and, in 2021, ESA agreed with NASA to launch MPAc with a Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) mission. In 2018 INFN proposed to ESA the MoonLIGHT Pointing Actuators (MPAc) project, able to perform unmanned pointing operation of MoonLIGHT, on the contrary to the Apollo CCR arrays that were manually arranged by the astronauts. Moon Express does not, as of February 2020, anymore plan to launch MX-1E on an Electron rocket, thus leaving MX-1E and all its science payloads without a carrier rocket. The launch contract between Moon Express and Rocket Lab (manufacturer of Electron) was canceled sometime before February 2020. The MX-1E lander was planned to land on the Malapert Mountain, a 5 km tall peak in the Aitken Basin region that has an uninterrupted direct line of sight to Earth. An unrelated planned science payload on the same lander was the International Lunar Observatory. The reflector was planned to be a secondary payload on the MX-1E lunar lander built by Moon Express, which was planned to be launched in 2020 with an Electron rocket. The experiment and agreement between the collaborators was announced on. Additional partners and collaborators include the Italian Space Agency's Matera Laser Ranging Observatory, as well as others laser ranging observatories and research institutes. MoonLIGHT is a single 100 mm-large CCR developed as a collaboration primarily between the University of Maryland and the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics - National Laboratories of Frascati (INFN-LNF). Researchers think these studies may also help understand the nature of dark energy. The reflector arrays are designed to allow more accurate measurements from Earth that will increase lunar mapping accuracy, will test principles of Einstein's general theory of relativity, and other theories of gravity. The retroreflector (mirrors) send the pulse straight back to the originating telescope where the round trip time-and therefore the exact distance-is recorded. The principle of this laser ranging is based on laser pulses sent from a telescope on Earth to the retroreflector array on the Moon. Since 1969, it is possible to perform Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) measurements thanks to the Cube Corner Retroreflector (CCR) arrays placed on the lunar surface by the Apollo and Luna missions. Laser Ranging is a technique used to perform accurate precision distance measurements between a laser and an optical target, called retroreflector. Lunar laser ranging at Goddard Space Flight Center Nova-C, the lander on which MPAc will be integrated, is designed by Intuitive Machines and the landing site is Reiner Gamma. In 2021, ESA agreed with NASA to launch MPAc with a Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) mission. MPAc is an INFN development for ESA, with auxiliary support by the Italian Space Agency ( ASI) for prototyping work. In 2018 INFN proposed to the European Space Agency (ESA) the MoonLIGHT Pointing Actuators (MPAc) project and was contracted by ESA to deliver it. However, as of February 2020, the launch of the MX-1E has been canceled. MoonLIGHT was planned to be launched in July 2020 as a secondary payload on the MX-1E lunar lander built by the private company Moon Express. MoonLIGHT (Moon Laser Instrumentation for General relativity High accuracy Tests) is a laser retroreflector developed as a collaboration primarily between the University of Maryland in the United States, and the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics - National Laboratories of Frascati (INFN-LNF) to complement and expand on the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment started with the Apollo Program in 1969. For other uses, see Moonlight (disambiguation). |
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